Features such as roads, railroads, coastlines, power lines and rivers may make good timing checkpoints if they are perpendicular to the course line and have other specific environmental particulars that identify your position.Can be positively identified but not specifically plotted because they extend for some distance.All other bodies of water are marked as "Inland Water" in the darker blue tone.The Open Water tone extends inland as far as necessary to adjoin the darker blue "Inland Water" tones.Exceptionally large lakes like the Great Lakes, Great Salt Lake, and Lake Okeechobee, etc., are considered Open Water features.Light blue also represents the connecting waters like bays, gulfs, sounds, fjords, and large estuaries."Open Water," a lighter blue tone, shows the shoreline limitations of all coastal water features at the average (mean) high water levels for oceans and seas.Water features are depicted using two tones of blue, and are considered either "Open Water" or "Inland Water".Be cautious of man-made landmarks as they may have changed, moved, or no longer exist.You need not pass directly over a positive landmark for it to be useful to you. Can be positively identified and plotted as a point on a chart (i.e., mountains, large bodies of water, etc.).Use of tools such as satellite maps (Google, Bing, etc.) allow for you to preview checkpoints.They may be points off the route which you can identify when abeam.Checkpoints should be appropriately 10 NM apart.Are they small enough to be considered a "point?".Are they unique enough to be identified?.Considerations for selection of either are:.Landmarks can be checkpoints but may also inform a pilot where they are in relation to checkpoints.Checkpoints allow you to follow the progress of your flight against your planning calculations.Generally the most direct route is preferred but several considerations may require some deviation.E6B Flight Computer / Electronic Flight Computer.Various tools are necessary to complete a flight plan.Speed: The magnitude of the velocity of an aircraft.Time: Can be expressed in two ways, as the time of day or elapsed time.When track = course you are flying exactly where you intend.Track: the aircrafts actual flight path over the ground (ground track marker).Drift Angle: difference between the course and heading.Heading: the direction the aircraft is pointed.Direction: An angular distance from a reference.Position: A geographic point defined by coordinates.Dead recokoning is navigation by planning.Two examples include pilotage and dead reckoning which, although different, are not mutually exclusive.Navigation can be accomplished in several ways.Note that minimums published for approaches may differ.If no approach exists for the alternate runway, descent from cruising altitude must be possible under Visual Flight Rules.600' ceiling, 2 miles visibility, if precision approach.
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